Memory Processes Essay - 1772 Words

General Psychology: Chapter 7 1. 2. The study of memory primarily involves examining the processes of 3. A) 4. extinction, generalization, and discrimination. B) reinforcement, primacy, and recency. C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning. D) encoding, storage, and retrieval. 5. 6. Encoding is the memory process primarily concerned with 7. A) 8. getting information into memory. B) retaining information over time. C) taking information out of storage. D) registering information with our senses. 9. 10. Storage is the memory process primarily concerned with 11. A) 12. getting information into memory. B) retaining information over time. C) taking information out of storage. D) registering†¦show more content†¦A) 72. phonological loop B) visuospatial scratch pad C) central executive D) rehearsal 73. 74. Raymond remembers, â€Å"When I was a sophomore, I took the hardest physics test of my life, and I was happy with my C.† This memory represents a(n) 75. A) 76. implicit memory. B) procedural memory. C) explicit memory. D) prime memory. 77. 78. Episodic memory is a form of 79. A) 80. implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) traumatic memory. D) involuntary memory. 81. 82. Remembering the three stages of memory is an example of 83. A) 84. procedural memory. B) nondeclarative memory. C) semantic memory. D) episodic memory. 85. 86. Tiger Woods probably relies mainly on which type of memory while playing golf? 87. A) 88. explicit B) declarative C) semantic D) procedural 89. 90. Priming refers to 91. A) 92. activation of information already in storage to help remember new information better B) preexisting mental frameworks that helps organize information C) a schema for an event D) grouping information that exceeds the working memory span into higher order units 93. 94. You are studying for a test and you want to make sure that you thoroughly incorporate the new information into your memory network. What would be the best strategy for you to use? 95. A) 96. Cram the night before the test. B) Discuss the material withShow MoreRelatedThe Brain And Memory Processes Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brain and Memory Processes Katty Miles Psych1103 Psychology Core Concepts Erica Williams 9/23/2016 Miller- Motte College NC Brain and memory The Memory has different aspects and stages of processing information. The brain works with the memory and data on processing into the memory. The memory can be located in the brain senses and transfer all over the body and can send messages from the hippocampus and Werneck’s to the brainRead MoreEssay on Processes and Stages of Memory1489 Words   |  6 PagesThis was the proof he needed to prove he was not the aggressor. The unexpected thing about this case is that Donald studies this phenomenon, eyewitness testimonies. We must ask ourselves, does this case show how rare and unusual human memory functions, or can these memory mistakes be a reoccurring problem (Wood, Wood, Boyd, Wood, Desmarais, 2011, p.185)? As an officer in law, they must remember not to breach the Charter of Rights and Freedom because a suspect could walk away without being charged. InRead MoreEssay on The Control Processes of Short and Long Term Memory958 Words   |  4 Pagestest one day, and then the next day we are able to retrieve that very information to use to take and pass a test? Because memory is an important cognitive process it helps us to record the past, so we are able to refer back to it at a later date. If humans didn’t have a memory, we would only be able to understand the present and our past wouldn’t exist. The urge to study how memory works and the concept behind, it has been around for many years. Scientist, and more importantly psychologist, have devotedRead MoreThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and strengthen the memory trace, a process known as memory reconsolidation. Memories retrieved are thought to increase their stability once they undergo the process of consolidation. Retrieval of a memory trace may cause another liable phase to require more processing to keep the memory stable after retrieval; the brain systemically acquires cellular mechanisms to initiate a new round of protein synthesis thatRead MoreEvaluating the Levels of Processing Theory Essay501 Words   |  3 PagesProcessing theory was put forward in 1972 by Craik and Lockhart. This theory came about after they criticised the Multi-store model of memory saying it was too simplistic and descriptive rather that actually explaining the model. This theory was an alternative to the Multi-store model as it replaces the idea of Short term and Log term memory. Levels of processing theory believes that information can be processed at different levels at the same time. The deeper the informationRead MoreMemory And Memory Of A Person1924 Words   |  8 PagesForgetting Memory is described as the ability to recall past ideas and experiences. Memory is a part of the day to day lives. It is usually a constant process through which the minds of a person are continually retrieving and processing information. The ability of an individual to remember permits him/her to function efficiently in their day to day lives (Hockenbury, chapter 6). This is the main reason as to why a majority of researchers and psychologists have asserted that the working memory of a personRead MoreForgetting in Short-term Memory Essay2034 Words   |  9 PagesForgetting in Short-term Memory Forgetting can be a useful way in clearing out the un-wanted clutter from our memories. We do not need to remember things like what we wore last Thursday. Displacement We must remember that according to Miller, the capacity of S.T.M is limited to about seven items (+ or - two.) Material that is circulating in our S.T.M that has not been sufficiently processed by our L.T.M. can be pushed out or displaced by new incoming informationRead MoreTesting Is Not A Popular Studying Technique937 Words   |  4 Pagesperiods of time, there are additional methods that might prove effective to utilize while studying. Essentially, to combat forgetting, we must understand what causes forgetting in the first place and one explanation of information slipping from our memory is due to â€Å"interference.† Keppel and Underwood (1962) suggested that forgetting specifically occurs due to proactive interference – interference that occurs when information that was previously learned interferes with learning new information. TheRead MoreEssay on Lab1936 Words   |  8 Pages 1 Abstract nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The experiment conducted regarding Memory Processes tested individuals on their ability to store and retrieve words. The levels on which words were stored were structural, the lowest level, phonetic, the next highest level, and semantic, the highest level of processing. The experiment is based on the recall and reorganization of the words from group they show during the experiment. The experiment conducted supported hypotheses regarding a subject’s performanceRead MorePsychological Processes- Motivation, Perception, Learning and Memory745 Words   |  3 PagesPsychological Processes- Motivation, Perception, Learning and Memory Introduction Psychological Processes performing any type of activity that we use Ð ° variety of processes like thinking, remembering, problem solving, interpretation etc. Thus whether you study Ð ° lesson, view Ð ° cinema, talk on Ð ° topic, we are using psychological processes of which we may or may not be aware. Discussion Motivation: - Ð  person has many needs at any given time. Some are biological arising from hunger, thirst and

Causes and Treatment for Diabetes - 797 Words

Diabetes mellitus is a disease marked by high levels of blood glucose or blood sugar. Chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin production or secretion, insulin action, or both. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic lower extremities amputations, and new cases of blindness among adults in the United States. It is also known as a major cause of heart disease and stroke. It is the known as the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (CDC, 2011). Every time we eat, our food is digested, and converted into glucose or sugar. As the blood sugar level rise, the†¦show more content†¦Normal fasting glucose plasma is less than 100mg/dL (LeRoith, Taylor, Olefsky, 2004). Typical symptoms of diabetes are excessive urination (polyuria) which occurs because of glycosuria, excessive thirst (polydipsia) which occurs in response to dehydration, and excessive hunger (Polyphagia), which occurs because of persistent loss of calories as a result of glycosuria and the possible effects of diabetes on satiety signals in the brain (Niewoehner, 2004). Other typical signs and symptoms of Diabetes Type 1 are weight loss, fatigue, increase frequency of infections, and rapid onset. Type 2 Diabetes is also known as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes. It results from a progressive secretory defect of the pancreatic Beta cell on the background of insulin resistance (Meeking, 2011). Insulin resistance is a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly; as the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin. The most common risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes are old age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, and physical activity. Natural history of type 2 diabetes is variable resulting from long duration of silent hyperglycemia (Meeking, 2011). Diet is the basic part of management of diabetes. The goal of dietary treatment is to ensure weight control, allowing good, adequate glycemic control with blood glucose levels as close to normalShow MoreRelatedCauses And Treatments Of Diabetes872 Words   |  4 PagesReverse Type 2 Diabetes NaturallyTired of blurry vision, pricking your finger, feeling run down, and always feeling thirsty? Learn how to cure type 2 diabetes once and for all! If you want to avoid dangerous prescription medications, learn how to reverse type 2 diabetes naturally. Nature has the cure for type 2 diabetes, no prescription medications needed. Natural cures and lifestyle changes are much more effective without the side effects. You owe it to yourself - cure your type 2 diabetes startingRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of Diabetes1338 Words   |  6 Pages2003) therefore resulting in weight loss. The sleeve gastrectomy combines the advantages of food restriction - the underlying mechanism in gastric banding - and the metabolic advantages of a bypass to produce large amounts of weight loss. Unlike diabetes, hypertension recovery seemed to be independent of bariatric procedure. It is known that even modest weight loss of 5-10% body weight can lower blood pressure by 5mmHg and have clinically significant cardiovascular benefits (Wing et al., 2011). TheRead MoreDiabetes : Symptoms, Causes, And Treatments1528 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is diabetes? Diabetes, also referred by doctors as diabetes mellitus, in simple words meaning people have too much sugar in their blood stream, or in medical terms, high blood glucose (blood sugar). The reason why people have diabetes because people’s insulin production is not enough, or because their body s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or in some cases, both could be the case. Patients with high blood sugar will most likely experience polyuria (frequent urination), they willRead MoreDiabetes Symptoms, Causes And Treatments1479 Words   |  6 PagesENC1101 23 November 2015 Diabetes Symptoms, Causes and Treatments Diabetes is a disease in which people suffer from high blood sugar levels and because of this it begins to cause damage to parts of the body. Though diabetes affects a person’s sugar levels which will then affect how they function throughout the day, it is the affects that diabetes has on main parts of the body that make function difficult. The main parts of the body that become affected due to diabetes are the eyes, kidneysRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And Type 2 Diabetes Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus, known as â€Å"diabetes† is a grouping of metabolic diseases that present, over a long period of time, levels of high blood sugar. There are two main forms of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In addition to these two, there is also what is called Gestational Diabetes. In all cases, insulin is somehow not doing its job: Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is needed to allow glucose to enter the cells and produce energy. IfRead MoreDiabetes : An Endocrine System Disorder1210 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus, or better known as Diabetes, is an endocrine system disorder. In this case, your body is unable to produce enough or any insulin at all. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, has a very important role. When sugar is ingested from food, it is turned into energy for the cells in our body. Without insulin, the transfer of sugar into the cells would be compromised. Insulin is also vital to keep the right balance of sugar in the bloodstream (Hess-Fischl, 2015). If too much insulinRead MorePathophysiology And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus T ype 21474 Words   |  6 PagesPharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition that millions of people around the world suffer from. It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. Type 2 diabetes is oneRead MoreThe Effects Of Diabetes On Human Body1168 Words   |  5 PagesReflecting on the history of diabetes throughout the 20th century, one can note that the number of people with diabetes is a minority, at least in the United States. Notwithstanding that the diabetic compose only about 10% of the United States population, â€Å"Diabetes is the third leading of death in the United States. According to †¦ If it were included, it might as well be the leading cause of death in the United States. Recent reports [reports made in 2007] predict that 95 percent of people born todayRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Lifelong Disease935 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease that lessens the body’s ability to use energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. People with diabetes cannot break down the sugars and carbohydrates found in food. The main type of sugar the body uses for energy is glucose; Glucose is the special sugar that fuels the cells in your body. These cells also need insulin, which is a hormone that uses glucose to turn into energy for cells. WithRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1258 Words   |  6 PagesDIABETES Diabetes mellitus (DM), referred to as diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus

Visual Methods in Educational Research †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Visual Methods in Educational Research. Answer: Introduction Researching on a topic is based on the different angles and dimensions that are required to be perceived in different manners. Research involves a few steps that must be recognized and followed in order to make the outcome more favorable and to the point. A research methodology has been outlined in order to make use of the correct approach of the researcher in accordance to the research topic that the person chose (DUMI and BLAKAJ 2017). The chapter aims at understanding the different approaches of the reviews and the research and focuses on the outcome of the gradually. The research and the outcome of the research are being highlighted. Quantitative and the qualitative Methods The methodology of a research is the most important part before even undertaking the research as it clearly states the ways in which the research must be made. The systematic approach of undertaking a research is basically due to the practice of the methodology that clearly states the path which is required to be taken in order to investigate on the given topic and to make use of the findings to derive an outcome (Coleman, Lawrence and Childers 2016). The researcher might consider the Qualitative approach of researching adhering to the requirements of the research. All the information that is required by the researcher in undertaking the research is being gathered from the promising sources like the published data- papers, journals and books (WALKER 2016). The Quantitative approach deals with the statistics and figures, which helps in the better understanding of the situation of the researched objects. According to the requirements of this report the data is being obtained from the systematic review of the literature which focuses on the questions of the research through the proper identification of the needs and requirements of the research, proper selection and is taken after properly assessing the evidence for each objective that is required in the research work (). Methodology used in this research A literature review, in accordance to this report, is a type of research in which the research is being done in a particular subject, which has been published (Moss and Pini 2016). It may include a brief overview of the entire subject, classification of the contents of the subject and a comparison with the previous research studies and theoretical essays based on the same. There are different types of literature reviews, depending on the requirements of the research and the subject that has been chosen for the research (Machi and McEvoy 2016). traditional review systematic review meta-analysis meta-synthesis (Reynolds and Daniel 2017) Concept of systematic review A systematic literature review is a form of secondary review in which the researcher identifies the needs of the research topic and by evaluating and understanding the research type through the application of proper methodology (Christensen, Wildgaard and Wildgaard 2016). A systematic literature review can be undertaken for several reasons, which are being discussed in this section: Identification of gaps and recommendations Evaluation of the extent of the solution being delivered by the existing research Evaluation of the particular areas of interest, Summing up of the evidences in order to undertake the research effectively Identification of the gaps and the inconsistencies and develop the reason for the flaws Adhering to a framework or design for the recent research activity In order to examine theoretical hypotheses, improving existing models, or assist new hypotheses systematic literature reviews have been chosen. They are proved to be invaluable in citing the research which is being performed in a particular project and thereby evaluate the theories in a specific area of research. The researcher in this report concentrated on the understanding of the E-government in Saudi Arabia (Alshehri, Drew and Alfarraj 2012). Therefore, the researcher focused on the different databases as she identified and selected the data that will be required by her in researching on the subject. Choosing the subject of the research on which the research will be made Identifying the important keywords relating to the research Selection of the proper database (DB) Collection of the data from the variable sources that might would satisfy the requirements of the research Summarizing the data, evaluation as per the needs and the proper allocation of the sub parts Writing the report (Bryer 2016) The project involves a research of the academic and theoretical work, which is again professional as it uses different databases like: E-government, E-government in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 It began with the findings on the E-government and thereby found documents from different sources like academic journals, magazines and the like (Creswell and Poth 2017). The researcher continued to identify the data for her research and analyzed them in order to find the most relevant document that would support her report (Brinkmann 2016). She recorded the the information based on the name of the author, the date of publication and the content and gradually classified them in accordance to the requirements of her report. Conclusion Therefore, from the above analysis it can be concluded that in order to undertake a research, the researcher must adhere to the methodology in order to make the research a systematic one, which will yield an outcome. References Alshehri, M., Drew, S. and Alfarraj, O., 2012. A Comprehensive Analysis of E-government services adoption in Saudi Arabia: Obstacles and Challenges.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,3(2), pp.1-6. Booth, A., Sutton, A. and Papaioannou, D., 2016.Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage. Brinkmann, S., 2016. Methodological breaching experiments: Steps toward theorizing the qualitative interview.Culture Psychology,22(4), pp.520-533. Bryer, T.A., 2016. Conclusion and Next Steps for Research and Practice.Social Media for Government: Theory and Practice, p.213. Christensen, L., Wildgaard, L. and Wildgaard, K., 2016. Permanent catheters for recurrent ascitesa critical and systematic review of study methodology.Supportive Care in Cancer,24(6), pp.2767-2779. Coleman, T.D., Lawrence, H.J. and Childers, W.L., 2016. Standardizing methodology for research with uneven terrains focused on dynamic balance during gait.Journal of applied biomechanics,32(6), pp.599-602. Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. DUMI, A.R. and BLAKAJ, K., 2017. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH.Vizione, (27). Machi, L.A. and McEvoy, B.T., 2016.The literature review: Six steps to success. Corwin Press. Moss, J. and Pini, B. eds., 2016.Visual research methods in educational research. Springer. Reynolds, D. and Daniel, S., 2017. Toward contingency in scaffolding reading comprehension: Next steps for research.Reading Research Quarterly. WALKER, H., 2016. Methods of Research.Qualitative Methods in Africana Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Examining Africana Phenomena, p.1.

Five Themes of Policy Making-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Discuss and reflect on one Significant Issue raised by the Speaker in the video. 2.Locate the Issue in Broader Social Policy Debates in Literature. Answers: In an interview about policy making, Caroline Amirtharajah discusses five themes of policy making namely; the values that drive policy making, social problems identification, policy formulation and instrumentation, policy implementation, and the evaluation theme (Making Social Policy, 2016). Caroline discusses how advocacy and interest groups help local government in policies implementation after identification of social problems. In the interview, she argues that social justice, fairness, and equity drive policy making by health and wellbeing planners in the local government. Policy making is identified as a complex process considering ideological aspects by different decision makers. In her discussion, domestic imbalances and politicking bring about ideological perspectives to policy making, and this affects decision-making by local government. Policy making and public health professional values face tensions from the community. There is politicking when it comes to funding from the state government due to policies differences between government levels. She highlights that resolving domestic imbalances at the local government level is affected by the ideological aspects of policy makers at the higher policy making authorities (Making Social Policy, 2016). She states that personal responsibility by the less social economic areas results to health policies variance. Politics by state government affects the funding of certain areas health community projects. This political positioning affects consultation by the concerned parties. She states her strong advocacy to consultative decision making when designing health plans and public health Act in state planning. However, she declares that it is difficult to please everybody. In the interview, it is argued that community involvement in planning health Acts helps policy makers use the legislative frameworks by the government in social problems identification (Making Social Policy, 2016). While community ideas, consultation, and use of national data for different communities help in problem prioritization, politicking based on ideological inequities hinder decision making. Ideological aspects create personal differences in policy coordination. She argues that networking and personal relationship building improves coordination due to increased collaboration. In previous work evaluation, proper accounts and community involvement are critical. The interviewee states that this process is marred with dilemmas due to different community lifestyles and ideological differences by the state government (Making Social Policy, 2016). The consultation of state, advocacy groups, NGOs, and citizens results to conflicting ideas which must be considered in decision making. In conclusion, policy making by local governments is messy with the increased ideological aspects of policy making by policy makers due to domestic imbalances and politicking. Supporting health and wellbeing of the community by the local government is under a state of government funding violence. As a result, this has led to policy implementation and evaluation inconsistencies by the local government. 2.Allowing different communities and state governments create their policies, this results in conflict management. Federalism, known to arise from political ideologies as discussed above allows advocacies and other interested parties with irreconcilable differences and sharp disagreements to create their resolutions (Minkler Wallerstein, 2012). Delivering social justice by the local government depends on the social determination, empathy, and equity of policy makers. However, ideological aspects of policy making by the stakeholders involved by local authorities in decision-making has made policymaking a messy process (Young, 2011). Different communities have different political positioning, and the local government policies differ from community ideas on policy formulation. In advocacy, advocacy groups such as the NGO's, citizens, and the federal state authorities get involved in the consultation process by policy makers. Community consultation, childcare groups, senior citizens, and online social media platforms get used in ideas formulation (Tiernan, 2011). In the coordination between different tiers of government, sampling methods get used for policy interventions. However, funding and the project timeline by the local governments determine policy instrumentation. With funding the central dilemma to policy-making in local authorities, politicking mars the entire prospect due to political positioning differences by the state government hence creating less space in the community References Making Social Policy. (October 24, 2016). Caroline Amirtharajah [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoA9CTmcaso Minkler, M., Wallerstein, N. (2012). Introduction to community organizing and community building.Community organizing and community building for health and welfare, 5-26. Tiernan, A. (2011). Advising Australian federal governments: Assessing the evolving capacity and role of the Australian public service.Australian Journal of Public Administration,70(4), 335-346. Young, I. M. (2011).Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton University Press.

Biography of Benjamin Banneker, Author and Naturalist

Biography of Benjamin Banneker, Author and Naturalist Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731–October 9, 1806) was a self-educated scientist, astronomer, inventor, writer, and antislavery publicist. He built a striking clock entirely from wood, published a farmers almanac, and actively campaigned against slavery. He was one of the first African Americans to gain distinction for achievements in science. Fast Facts: Benjamin Banneker Known For: Banneker was a writer, inventor, and naturalist who published a series of farmers almanacs in the late 1700s.Born: November 9, 1731 in Baltimore County, MarylandParents: Robert and Mary BannekyDied: October 9, 1806 in Oella, MarylandPublished Works: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the Year of our Lord, 1792Notable Quote: â€Å"The color of the skin is in no way connected with strength of the mind or intellectual powers.† Early Life Benjamin Banneker was born on November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland. Although he was born a free man, he was the descendant of slaves. At that time, the law dictated that if your mother was a slave then you were a slave, and if she was a free woman then you were a free person. Bannekers grandmother Molly Walsh was a bi-racial English immigrant and an indentured servant who married an African slave named Banna Ka, who had been brought to the Colonies by a slave trader. Molly had served seven years as an indentured servant before she acquired and worked on her own small farm. Molly Walsh purchased her future husband Banna Ka and another African to work on her farm. The name Banna Ka was later changed to Bannaky and then changed to Banneker. Benjamins mother Mary Banneker was born free. Benjamins father Rodger was a former slave who had bought his own freedom before marrying Mary. Education Banneker was educated by Quakers, but most of his education was self-taught. He quickly revealed to the world his inventive nature and first achieved national acclaim for his scientific work in the 1791 survey of the Federal Territory (now Washington, D.C.). In 1753, he built one of the first watches made in America, a wooden pocket watch. Twenty years later, Banneker began making astronomical calculations that enabled him to successfully forecast a 1789 solar eclipse. His estimate, made well in advance of the celestial event, contradicted predictions of better-known mathematicians and astronomers. Bannekers mechanical and mathematical abilities impressed many, including Thomas Jefferson, who encountered Banneker after George Elliot had recommended him for the surveying team that laid out Washington, D.C. Almanacs Banneker is best known for his six annual farmers almanacs, which he published between 1792 and 1797. In his free time, Banneker began compiling the Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanac and Ephemeris. The almanacs included information on medicines and medical treatment and listed tides, astronomical information, and eclipses, all calculated by Banneker himself. Many historians believe that the first printed almanac dates to 1457 and was printed by Gutenberg in Mentz, Germany. Benjamin Franklin published his Poor Richards Almanacs in America from 1732 to 1758. Franklin used the assumed name of Richard Saunders and wrote witty maxims in his almanacs such as Light purse, heavy heart and Hunger never saw bad bread. Bannekers almanacs, though they appeared later, were more focused on delivering accurate information than on communicating Bannekers personal views. Letter to Thomas Jefferson On August 19, 1791, Banneker sent a copy of his first almanac to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. In an enclosed letter, he questioned the slaveholders sincerity as a friend to liberty. He urged Jefferson to help get rid of absurd and false ideas that one race is superior to another. Banneker wished Jeffersons sentiments to be the same as his, that one Universal Father...afforded us all the same sensations and endowed us all with the same faculties. Jefferson responded with praise for Bannekers accomplishments: I thank you sincerely for your letter of the 19th and for the Almanac it contained. No body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colours of men, that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa America...I have taken the liberty of sending your almanac to Monsieur de Condorcet, Secretary of the Academy of sciences at Paris, and member of the Philanthropic society because I considered it as a document to which your whole colour had a right for their justification against the doubts which have been entertained of them. Jefferson later sent a letter to the Marquis de Condorcet informing him about Banneker- a very respectable mathematician- and his work with Andrew Ellicott, the surveyor who marked the boundaries of the Territory of Columbia (later the District of Columbia). Death Declining almanac sales eventually forced Banneker to give up his work. He died at home on October 9, 1806, at the age of 74. Banneker was buried at Mount Gilboa  African Methodist Episcopal Church  in  Oella, Maryland. Legacy Bannekers life became the source of legend after his death, with many attributing certain accomplishments to him for which there is little or no evidence in the historical record. His inventions and almanacs inspired later generations, and in 1980 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in his honor as part of the Black Heritage series. In 1996, a number of Bannekers personal belongings were auctioned, and some of them were later loaned to the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Some of Bannekers personal manuscripts, including the only journal  that survived the 1806 fire that destroyed his home, are in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. Sources Cerami, Charles A.  Benjamin Banneker Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot. John Wiley, 2002.Miller, John Chester.  The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. University Press of Virginia, 1995.Weatherly, Myra.  Benjamin Banneker: American Scientific Pioneer. Compass Point Books, 2006.

Free Essays on Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown – From Naivety to Maturity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is story illustrating the moral principle of good versus evil. Hawthorne uses symbolism and irony to relay his feelings towards man’s natural appetite for evil and the battle to avoid it in ones own heart. Following these literary elements takes the reader through a dream allegory filled with religious hypocrisy. Locating and examining the two most prominent symbols throughout the story allows the reader to experience how the attempted conversion of Young Goodman Brown results in a transformation from naivety to maturity. The first use of symbolism comes in the form of the names of Young Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. Young in the name literally means that the main character is a young man. Hawthorne textually declares this when he writes’ â€Å"†¦young Goodman Brown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg104). Goodman in the name symbolizes that he is a spiritual and good person. With Brown being such a common last name, it symbolizes that Goodman could be anyone or everyone. The name Faith has a dual symbolic meaning. It literally means religious faith and also represents Goodman Brown’s personal faith and religious convictions. This is apparent when Brown states, â€Å"My love and my Faith of all the nights in this year, this one night must I tarry from thee†(pg104). Here, Goodman Brown is referring to leaving his wife and his faith in God. Initially, Faith also represents youth as identified when Goodman Brown, â€Å"†¦put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to ex change a parting kiss with his young wife†(pg104). Though not understood until latter, it is this idea of a young good wife that reveals that Goodman’s initial state of naivety. Goodman is asked by his wife to stay home and not go on the journey. He thinks that she does not know about his journey to meet with the devil and thinks, â€Å"Methought as she spoke there... Free Essays on Goodman Brown Free Essays on Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown – From Naivety to Maturity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is story illustrating the moral principle of good versus evil. Hawthorne uses symbolism and irony to relay his feelings towards man’s natural appetite for evil and the battle to avoid it in ones own heart. Following these literary elements takes the reader through a dream allegory filled with religious hypocrisy. Locating and examining the two most prominent symbols throughout the story allows the reader to experience how the attempted conversion of Young Goodman Brown results in a transformation from naivety to maturity. The first use of symbolism comes in the form of the names of Young Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. Young in the name literally means that the main character is a young man. Hawthorne textually declares this when he writes’ â€Å"†¦young Goodman Brown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg104). Goodman in the name symbolizes that he is a spiritual and good person. With Brown being such a common last name, it symbolizes that Goodman could be anyone or everyone. The name Faith has a dual symbolic meaning. It literally means religious faith and also represents Goodman Brown’s personal faith and religious convictions. This is apparent when Brown states, â€Å"My love and my Faith of all the nights in this year, this one night must I tarry from thee†(pg104). Here, Goodman Brown is referring to leaving his wife and his faith in God. Initially, Faith also represents youth as identified when Goodman Brown, â€Å"†¦put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to ex change a parting kiss with his young wife†(pg104). Though not understood until latter, it is this idea of a young good wife that reveals that Goodman’s initial state of naivety. Goodman is asked by his wife to stay home and not go on the journey. He thinks that she does not know about his journey to meet with the devil and thinks, â€Å"Methought as she spoke there...

Climate, geography, income per capita and growth Literature review

Climate, geography, income per capita and growth - Literature review Example Geography and environment has a closer impact on socio-economic development of a region. Historical data has revealed that geography has some effect on shaping the economic history. However, the amount of variance is an important consideration. Tropics are varied by braod climatic zones and economies as well (Torres & Mendez, 2000; 2002, Inter-American Development Bank, 2000). As a result, the research would identify the key geographical and climatic factors from the national database and analyze its relationship with income per person longitudinal data for a time period of 1950 to 2014. This paper will analyze this variance to test and interpret the condition of multicollinearity using a regression analysis, as some geographical factors might be highly correlated impacting the ultimate results. Analyzing the relationship between the major geographical features, such as altitude, climate, topography on the economic growth and prosperity with individual municipal incomes and their inequalities. Previous research has established a close relationship between economic development and geographical characteristics, such as topography, altitude, precipitation, temperature and rainfall etc., of a region. In this pretext, the tropical economies have lower income levels and growth rates than rest of the world. Temperate regions are more prosperous in this respect. The impact of geography on economic performance was considered exogenous for a very long time by economists (Rodrik & Trebbi, 2004). In fact there are direct channels influencing the effect of geography on productivity (Fujita, Krugman & Venables, 1999; Gallup, Sachs & Mellinger, 1999), in terms of productivity of primary activities, such as agriculture, farming, mining, fishing and forestry (Safford & Palacios, 2002). The classical Malthusian theory has stressed on how extremes of climate and temperature might diminish the productivity of labor as a consequence of spillovers and positive